Tafsiran dan Analisa Kewangan

1.Jualan = Kos Jualan + Untung Kasar

2.Kos Jualan=

a)Jualan-untung kasar

b)stok awal + belian – stok akhir

c)kadar pusing ganti stok x stok purata

3.untung kasar = Jualan – kos jualan

4.untung bersih = untung kasar + pendapatan – perbelanjaan

5.tokokan = untung kasar  x100

                         kos jualan

6.margin untung kasar = untung kasar  x100

                                                  Jualan

7.margin untung bersih = untung bersih  x100

                                                   Jualan

8.pulangan atas modal = untung bersih  x100

                                                   Modal

9.stok purata =

a)stok awal + stok akhir

                    2

b)         kos jualan                      

      kadar pusing ganti stok 

10.kadar pusing ganti stok = kos jualan

                                                        Stok purata

11.nisbah semasa = aset semasa : liabiliti semasa (pemiut,overd bank,gaji terakru)

                                 =(aset sms)-(lia sms)

                                    =aset : liabiliti (cth: 14725 : 11170)<--(14725 divide 11170)

                                   =1.32 : 1 #

12.modal pusingan = aset semasa (stok,penghutang,bank,tunai)

13. modal tetap = aset bukan semasa ( premis,kend,perabot)

perkongsian untung rugi(penyata&kunci)

Penyata /Kunci

Akaun Kawalan

Publish Post

Alloy & mutation

 Alloy

Steel

Composition 

99.5% iron

0.5% carbon

Special properties

Hard, strong n resistant to corrosion

Uses
Construction materials 4 buildings, bridge, vehicles n machines.

Alloy

Pewter

Composition

97 tin

3 antimony n copper

Special properties

Shiny, comparatively soft n malleable, and resistant to corrosion

Uses

making household articles, decorative items, n tableware such as plates, spoons n teapot 




Bronze
- 88 copper
- 12 tin 


- Hard, stron,....
- make statues, medals, cups n knives.

Brass
- 75 copper
- 25 zonc


- hard, shiny, strong, malleable


- deco item, musical instruments n food containers.


Duralumin
- 95 aluminium
- 3 copper
- 1 magnesium
- 1 manganese.


- light, strong


- bodies of aircraft, boats, bic, buses n train.







Mutation

Chromosome mutations

- refers to, chg in num/ structure of chro

- disorders cause by chro

1.down's syndrome

- caused by an additional chro 21.
- an individual DS has 47 chro.

2. Klinefelter's syn

- an add X chro in a male (XXY)

3. Turner's syn

- woman who has only 1 X chro instead of the normal 2.

caused by chg in the structure.

1. deletion 

- a section of chro which breaks during crossing-over doen join bak to the chro. the resulting chro becomes shorter.

2. inversion

- a section of chro which breaks during crossing-over turns 180 degree and joins bak to chro.

3.duplication

- duplicates itself.

4. translocation 

- a section of chro which breaks during crossing-over is joined to another chro which not homologous to it.


Gene mutations
2 disorders r caused u GM r Colour-blindness, albinism.

factor effect growth of microorganism

Light

- active in dark condition; inactive in bright light
- ultraviolet rays able to kill micro n spores.

pH

- active in neutral / near-neutral condit
- acidity / alkalinity kill micro.

Temp

- inactive @ low temp.
- nore active up to abt 40C

the presence of nutrients

- except viruses, all micro need N to live.
- photosynthetic n chemosynthetic micro obtain N in form of minerals.

Humidity

- except viruses, all micro need water to live.
- dry condition, micro become spores n remain inactive until water available.
- micro unable form spores will die off when dry.

Electrolysis

Aim : To study electrolysis

Meterial : Lead bromide powder

App : dry cells, connecting wires, carbon rods, crucible, tripod stand, pipeclay triangle, bunsen burner, bulb, switch.

Method :
1. The app is set up as shown in figure 1.
2. the switch is closed. The bulb is observed to see whether it lights up. The switch is then turned off.
3. The lead bromide powder is heated strongly until its melt. The switch is then closed again to allow electricity to flow through the molten lead bromide.
4. the changes at the bulb n carbon electrodes r observed and recorded.


State if lead bromide
1. Powder
2. Molten

Bulb
1. does not light up
2. lights up

changes at cathode
1. no chg
2. a shiny silver solid is deposited


chgs at anode
1. no chg
2. brown vapour is released.


Conclution : during elec, lead bromide decomposes to form lead n bromine.